Reactivity refers to situations when dogs easily become overly aroused by common stimuli such as other dogs, people, cars, and animals. A reactive dog might lunge, bark or growl; they will be entirely focused on the trigger so that they become difficult to control or removed from the situation. These strong reactions often lead to a dog being labeled as aggressive. However, reactivity is most often a result of fear or can also be due to overexcitement or frustration. Reactivity can be genetic, or in response to poor socialization, prior bad experiences or lack of training.
Common Triggers
Leash/barrier reactivity: dog is reactive to a trigger (another dog, animal or person for example) only when on a leash or when a barrier such as a fence separates them from the trigger.
Dog reactivity: Dogs are the trigger. This could be all dogs, dogs of a certain size or breed or dogs on leash or off leash. This behavior is often misinterpreted as aggression.
Person reactivity: People, usually strangers are the trigger. Your dog might react to all strangers or only certain subgroups. Greater reactivity to men is a common issue. Some dogs only react to people in hats, uniforms, or with mobility aids.
Prevention
Socialization: This is most effective for puppies in the socialization window between 3-14 weeks of age. Socialization is more than just exposing your puppy to many different environments and stimulus. It is also giving your puppy the opportunity to explore at their own space and make positive associations. More information
Classical conditioning: Once your dog is outside the socialization window you can still work with your dog to condition them to see meeting new people and new experiences in a positive light. more information
Avoid Dog Parks: Dog parks can be a great way for your dog to get exercise BUT they are often a location with a high risk of negative interactions. You should carefully consider whether your local dog park is the right fit for your dog. More information
Know your dog - pay attention to your dog’s body language. Learn what makes them nervous and what makes them happy. Avoid and/or counter condition stimuli that are upsetting and use stimuli that they love as tools for reinforcing the behavior you want to see more of.
Videos: Body language in training, dog body language examples, longer video
As with other common issues, an owner can do everything “right” and still end up with a reactive dog.
If you think your dog may be reactive, reach out to a trainer used to working with reactive dogs. Living with a reactive dog can be exhausting and overwhelming. However, with time and patience and the help of a trainer or behaviorist who has experience working with reactivity, the behaviors can be managed, often to the point where others will have trouble believing your now calm and confident dog was once reactive.
Resources:
“Control Unleashed: Reactive to Relaxed” by Leslie McDevitt
Feisty Fido: Help for the Leash-Reactive Dog by Patricia McConnell